E1.2 analyse the impact of various lifestyle choices on human health and body systems E2.1 use appropriate terminology related to animal anatomy, including, but not limited to: diffusion gradient, inhalation, exhalation, asthma [C] E3.2 describe the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system (including the nasal cavity, trachea, larynx, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, and oxygenated and deoxygenated blood) and the mechanisms of gas exchange and respiration E3.4 explain some of the mechanisms of interaction between a mammal’s different body systems (e.g., the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the respiratory and circulatory systems)
Learning Goals, students will ...
Define the purpose of the respiratory system and its requirements to function properly.
Differentiate the mechanism for respiration in various organisms
Name the four main stages of the Respiratory System.in organisms that have lungs.
List the different structures in the human respiratory system and their specialized function.
Determine the method and equipment used to measure the various lung volumes.
Analyze the method of calculating the different types of lung volumes.
Discuss the various factors that may influence breathing rate and lung volumes and the effect on the system when these factors are altered.
Research various respiratory disorders including structures involved and functions.
Examine and communicate the implications of a dysfunction of the system on the overall health of
an individual
UNIT LESSONS:
Respiration:
The process of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide between the internal and the external environment.
Simple organisms that live in moist environments, like jelly fish and sponges, lack specialized respiratory systems.
Respiration occurs as gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) pass through a moist membrane by diffusion.
More complex organisms use specialized internal structures like lungs or gills for gas exchange.
Respiratory System
The main function of the respiratory system is to provide a large moist surface for gas exchange so that oxygen is available to all cells an carbon dioxide can be expelled from the body.
A specialized respiratory system is composed of four main stages.
Breathing/Ventilation - oxygen enters from the atmosphere.
External Respiration - exchange of gases between respiratory system and circulatory system.
Internal Respiration - exchange of gases between the circulatory system and the individual cells.
Cellular Respiration - within cells, the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen to form energy and carbon dioxide
1. Breathing
Involuntary process controlled by the Autonomic Nervous System
Physical process which moves air from an area of high pressure to low pressure (diffusion gradient).
In Inhalation, the size of the chest cavity increases thereby decreasing the air pressure in the chest cavity and air flows in.
In exhalation, the opposite happens and air flows out. Breathing out requires little effort from your body unless you have a lung disease or are doing physical activity.
The medulla oblongata in the brain ultimately controls the breathing rate monitoring the concentration of carbon dioxide in the system
many factors can influence the breathing rate such as air quality, altitude, disease and medication
2. External Respiration:
Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the respiratory system and the circulatory system.
Gas exchange occurs at the alveolar sacs which are lined with capillaries.
Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the capillary and is transported by the iron-rich protein Hemoglobin.
Carbon Dioxide, as waste, is returned to the alveoli by binding itself to the Hemoglobin in the capillaries. It then diffuses out of the blood and into the alveolar sacs.
3. Internal Respiration
Exchange of gases between the Circulatory System and the cells.
Hemoglobin transports oxygen to the cells through the capillaries. It also picks up carbon dioxide wastes from the cells.
4. Cellular Respiration
Occurs in the cells.
The breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen to form carbon dioxide and energy.
Human Respiratory System Structures:
Structures of the Respiratory System
Section
Structures
Function
upper
nasal cavity
where air is warmed, moistened and cleaned
oral cavity
air passage.
pharynx
area that collects air from the mouth or nose
epiglottis
a protective flap that prevents food and liquids
from entering the trachea during swallowing
larynx
enlarged portion of the trachea just below the
epiglottis; containing a pair of vocal cords
lower
trachea
wind pipe, air passageway between the
pharynx and the lungs. It is reinforced by cartilage.
bronchus/ bronchi
trachea divides into two bronchi, one for each
lung
bronchiole
bronchi divides further into bronchioles
alveolus/ alveoli
final branching of the air passages into sac-like
structures where gases are exchanged
between the air and blood
muscles
diaphragm
sheet of muscle that separates the organs of the
chest cavity from those of the abdominal cavity
intercostal muscles
muscles between the ribs, that raise the rib cage
thereby increasing volume and decreasing air
pressure within the chest
a disease of the lungs that makes it hard for the air to flow in and out of the lungs.
Cause: Asthma can be triggered by certain substances and allergens. These cause the bronchiole walls to thicken and be inflammed, the muscles of the airway to tighten, and extra mucous formed along the walls resulting in the bronchi and bronchioles narrowing.
Signs & symptoms: early warning signs include coughing, wheezing, laboured breathing, and easily tiring.
Prevention: determine the triggers and avoid them.
Treatment: Inhaled medication either controllers or relievers. They do not cure the asthma but keep the lungs healthy.
ASSIGNMENT: Students will research other diseases that affect the lungs and will put their information on a graphic organizer. Examples of diseases include:
FOLLOW UP ACTIVITIES USING RESEARCH ABOUT DISEASES:
JIGSAW ACTIVITY WITH EXPERT GROUPS (Doctor to patients): may be used as a follow up activity (Assessment).
CONSEQUENCE MAP: Using research discuss the effect on healthcare, financial, community and government if a disease (such as Lung Cancer from smoking, SARS, Whooping Cough) is not prevented or left untreated.
CONCEPT MAP: How does the Respiratory System interconnect with the other systems of the body in mammals?
SBI3C RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
EXPECTATIONS:
E1.2 analyse the impact of various lifestyle choices on human health and body systemsE2.1 use appropriate terminology related to animal anatomy, including, but not limited to: diffusion gradient, inhalation, exhalation, asthma [C]
E3.2 describe the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system (including the nasal cavity, trachea, larynx, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, and oxygenated and deoxygenated blood) and the mechanisms of gas exchange and respiration
E3.4 explain some of the mechanisms of interaction between a mammal’s different body systems (e.g., the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the respiratory and circulatory systems)
Learning Goals, students will ...
an individual
UNIT LESSONS:
Respiration:Respiratory System
A specialized respiratory system is composed of four main stages.The main function of the respiratory system is to provide a large moist surface for gas exchange so that oxygen is available to all cells an carbon dioxide can be expelled from the body.
1. Breathing
2. External Respiration:
3. Internal Respiration
4. Cellular Respiration
Human Respiratory System Structures:
from entering the trachea during swallowing
epiglottis; containing a pair of vocal cords
pharynx and the lungs. It is reinforced by cartilage.
bronchi
lung
alveoli
structures where gases are exchanged
between the air and blood
chest cavity from those of the abdominal cavity
muscles
thereby increasing volume and decreasing air
pressure within the chest
LESSON: LUNG VOLUME
video demonstrating how to measure lung vital capacity.( 1 min 50 sec.)
Flow-Volume PlotRESPIRATORY DISEASES
ASTHMA
ASSIGNMENT:
Students will research other diseases that affect the lungs and will put their information on a graphic organizer.
Examples of diseases include:
(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)
Useful sites for research:
FOLLOW UP ACTIVITIES USING RESEARCH ABOUT DISEASES:
OTHER RESOURCES:
VIDEOS
The Respiratory System: How it Works: overview presented in class (3 min. 28 sec)
Ed. Ted: How Breathing Works (5 minutes)
Gas exchange: Internal Respiration (1 min 23 sec)
Oxygen Transport (3 min 8 sec)
What is Spirometry? (3 min.11 sec.)
INTERACTIVE ACTIVITY
Interactive label the parts of the Respiratory System
LAB ACTIVITIES
ASSESSMENTS
REFERENCES
- DiGuiseppe, M. et al. (2002). BIOLOGY GRADE 11 COLLEGE. NELSON.
- OERB: OERB: SBI3C Respiratory System
- Liem, Tik L., (1987). Invitations to Science Inquiry. 2nd edition. California: SCIENCE INQUIRY ENTERPRISES.
GLOSSARY